That point #2 is huge. Some examples:
- #Beauty bias. We judge attractive people to be smarter, more altruistic, etc. How many socialist/communist/democratic idols have been good-looking and/or charismatic? Does that not set off any alarms?
- Shifting to peripheral thinking when under cognitive load: Every time I see a political ad (and these truly are on both "sides") with jargon/gobledygook then a feel-good "easy solution" phrase at the end, I want to vomit. This is manipulation.
- Representativeness (and/or availability) heuristic: we make judgments based on how easy it is to bring examples to mind, not how rational the arguments are. All the political ads with Joe America etc. in them.
- Familiarity effect: Repeat something enough and the people hearing it will, on average, eventually come to like it.
- Sunk Cost effects: This one is really hard, but no less a fucked-up thing embedded in our system.
- Halo effect (nuff said)
- More about the self-serving bias: We just like people who look and talk like us. This is part of how racism, etc. keep going. When was the last time you voted for someone who wasn't like you?
- Primacy and recency effects: Our memories of events are heavily biased in favor of the last and first parts of the experience. How many of Trump's anti-American atrocities do you remember from the "middle" part of his presidency?
- Framing effects: complex to get into, but the people who figured this out got a Nobel Prize. Essentially, you can manipulate people's view of how good a deal is by presenting the same deal in a different way.
- Loss aversion and the Loss Curve: more of that Nobel Prize stuff. Losing hurts more than winning helps. Avoidance of the possibility of loss can impair rational thinking. Add to that the fact that loss hurts disproportionately, and the fearmongering we hear from political messages starts to make a sinister sense.
There are more. Our brains didn't evolve to be rational or truthful; they evolved to help us survive, by hook or by crook. #Theories of human nature that assume otherwise are bound to get us killed in large numbers and to perpetuate #injustice.